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Showing posts with label Kilns and Furnaces. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kilns and Furnaces. Show all posts

Criteria for Furnace or Kiln Design and Selection of Refractories

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23-March-2010

The primary function of any refractory material is to withstand high temperature in a hostile environment. However, in actual application a refractory lining is required to perform many other functions depending upon the place of use and prevailing service conditions which in turn help us to decide what should be the outline or design of furnace, its parts followed by the selection of proper refractories. 

First let us see the various general requirements which a refractory material is to fulfill :
1. Ability to withstand high temperature.
2. Ability to withstand temperature fluctuation.
3. Ability to withstand the actions of processing materials and product of combustion.
4. Ability to withstand load under high temperature.
5. Ability to withstand impact and abrasion of solid, liquid and dust laden gases moving with high speed.
6. The refractory material should be volume stable.
7. It should not contaminate the finished product.
8. The refractory material should have low co-efficient of thermal expansion.
9. It should not conduct much heat.
For a proper design of any refractory lining system it is essential that the complete information of furnace or kiln type and prevailing service conditions are available.
The most important operational data required for the selection of refractories are as follows:
Furnace / Kiln Type :  For which industry the furnace or the kiln is to be used.
Process : Details of process to be adopted. Will the refractory material come in direct contact with slag, metal, dust, fluxing agent, gas or flame? Which part of the furnace or kiln will be subjected to the destructive actions of the above elements, etc.
Fuel  :  Type of fuel to be used for generation of heat energy. How the furnace will be heated.
Operation :  How the furnace (kiln) will be operated: continuous or intermittent. What is the extent of temperature fluctuation and over what period of time. To what extent the refractories will be exposed to thermal shock.
Operation - Temperature :  What will be the highest temperature to which refractories will be exposed. What will be the peaks.
Limiting - Temperature:  What are the maximum and minimum temperatures of the furnace or kiln design components e.g. steel shell temperature etc.
Heat Loss  :  What heat loss will take place? Is the heat to be conducted through refractories or retained within the furnace?
Surrounding Conditions   :  What are the surrounding conditions such as heat flux calculations, influence of any adjacent plant or component, maximum and minimum ambient temperatures, wind speed, radiation co-efficient etc.
Furnace Atmosphere :  Is it neutral, oxidizing, reducing or changing?
Furnace Pressure :  What operation pressure is expected? Is the furnace part under suction or under positive pressure.
In actual situation the refractories may have to work under some or all of the above conditions. They may act simultaneously and demand suitable refractories to withstand the destructive forces. No single refractory material can satisfy the entire requirement. Hence, a compromise is made and the most demanding requirements are first met at the cost of other lesser requirements. For example, in a hot air or gas carrying system the thermal conductivity would be the vital criteria. Therefore from every saving point of view insulating properties of the refractory material becomes more important than other properties for design considerations.
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Classification of Kilns and Furnaces

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25-June-2009


The term ‘Kiln’ is normally used when referring to high temperature treatment of non-metallic materials in various industries like in the ceramic, cement (cement rotary kiln), lime (lime kiln) etc. whereas, when melting at high temperature is involved the term ‘Furnace’ is used as in steel manufacture (Blast Furnace, Basic Oxygen Furnace, Ladle Furnace), glass industries (Glass Melting Tank Furnace) etc. 

More about the meaning and function of a furnace and kiln has been dealt in one of our previous article: The Function of a Furnace and Kiln used in Ceramic and other Industries 
In this article we shall discuss about the different criteria used for classifying a kiln or furnace.



Furnaces may be classified broadly:
(a) According to the nature of heating medium -
(1) Fuel fired furnace, (2) Electrically heated furnace.
(b) According to the form and shape of the space to be heated -
(1) Shaft kiln, (2) Crucible furnace, (3) Rotary kiln, (4) Hearth furnace, (5) Tunnel kiln,
(6) Muffle furnace, (7)Tank furnace etc.
(c) According to the process taking place -
(1) Ceramic (2) Metallurgical (3) Non-metallurgical etc.
(d) According to the products obtained -
(1) Lime kiln (2) Cement kiln (3) Copper smelter (4) Glass tank furnace (5) Gold furnace etc.
(e) According to the method of handling and firing the materials in its passage through the furnace -
(1) Direct fired (2) Indirect fired (3) Batch type firing (Intermediate, Periodic)
(4) Continuous type firing.
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