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Showing posts with label Green BD. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Green BD. Show all posts

Bulk Density of Refractory Samples

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19-July-2020

Bulk Density of Refractories

This property is important for both insulating and dense refractories (shaped and unshaped). Bulk density (B.D.) is the ratio of the mass of the refractory specimen to the bulk volume of the same or in other words it is the weight per unit volume the refractory (including the volume of the pore space present in that refractory sample).

There are two methods for determination of Bulk Density in case of refractories:


1. Direct measurement method

B.D.= (Weight of the specimen in gm.) ÷ (Volume of the specimen in cc)

2. Direct volume determination method

B.D (gm/cc) = (Dry weight) ÷ (Soaked weight - Suspended weight)

https://www.industry.guru - representative image
Fig: Refractory Shapes (PCPF)
Out of these two methods the ‘direct volume determination method’, which is generally used for irregular refractories, gives more accurate results. The nearer the Bulk density approaches the Specific Gravity the lower is the Porosity. Lower B.D indicates higher porosity, lower strength of the refractory material. The BD will also affect other properties of the refractory such as the load bearing capacity and thermal conductivity etc. Unless there is any specific reason, the aim of a refractory manufacturer is to produce products of higher Bulk Density. The ultimate Bulk Density of the product will depend on a number of factors like - type of raw materials used and their processing, process control at every step during green manufacturing and firing etc.



Effects of Compacting Pressure on Sintering and other Properties of Refractory Bricks

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11-July-2020
We assume that the reader is already aware with the concept of ‘Sintering’, types of sintering and also the effects of sintering on refractories. In this article we will discuss on the effects of compacting pressure also called forming pressure, on sintering and various other properties of refractory bricks.
It has been established much before by Budnikov and Blyumen that sintering processes and reactions in the solid-state are interrelated and proceed with on the phase boundaries, as in a heterogeneous system. The basis of sintering, according to their broad definition, is the capacity of the solid phase to recrystallize, which, in turn, is related to the physiochemical nature of the crystal. Pressure is said to be an important factor in accelerating reactions in solid state and in facilitating sintering at relatively low temperatures in a refractory brick.

Precautions must be taken to eliminate any pressure variation during compaction of the refractory shape. The main deleterious effect of variation in compacting pressure is the corresponding differences in greenbulk density resulting into non-uniform shrinkage after firing and some sort of distortion of warping is inevitable. The frictional force between the die wall and the powder is directly proportional to the radial stress at the wall. During a uniaxial pressing, the applied stress is in the axial direction and is parallel to the die (mould) wall. For a given axial stress the resultant radial stress depends on the fluidity of the powder under compaction. For example both the radial and axial stresses are equal when a liquid is compacted. However, when a non-elastic and incompressible solid is under axial compaction, there should not be any radial stress. Thus, it is desirable to decrease the powder fluidity in order to minimize the radial and frictional stresses or the density and stress gradients in the refractory brick.
There is no doubt that the forming pressure affects the firing behavior of the refractory materials. Such effects may be due to:
>> Decrease in pore size and better particle contact,
>> Strain energy added due to plastic flow,
>> Strain energy added due to particle interlocking, or
>> Fracture of particles at contact points.
In general increasing pressure enhances the Green Density, decreases Shrinkage, and often increases the Fired Density of refractory bricks. Higher compacting pressure (compaction) may cause plastic flow, increased strain energy, or particle fracture, which causes further increase in bulk density in refractory bricks. The effect of these variations on firing properties of a refractory brick depend on the firing time and temperature, and the nature of the refractory aggregates or refractory raw materials used, but in general decreased pore size due to compaction or particle fracture leads to increased density at lower firing temperature in a refractory brick.        

Green BD (Bulk Density), Burned BD and Moisture Content of Green Mixture (Powder) of Alumina Refractory Bricks

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Before going into large scale production of any product, based on their R&D work and the results obtained from pilot scale production laboratory has to fix certain parameters (recipe of production for that product) and provide it to the production department which the latter will follow in order to meet the required specifications and quality of that product. Two such important parameters required for manufacturing any type of refractory bricks are the ‘Moisture content’ of the green mixture (powder) and ‘Green BD’. Here our focus will be on the practical aspects of these two parameters of refractory bricks particularly those containing various percentages of alumina (Al2O3%). 

The amount of moisture or water present in the green mixture (powder) of alumina containing refractory bricks help in green binding and also add plasticity. But beyond a certain percentage, water or moisture present in the green mixture of refractory bricks would be harmful leading to an increase the rejection percentage mainly due to -


(i) Increase in porosity and
(ii) Development of radial cracks in refractory bricks.



What should be the maximum percent of moisture, green BDs corresponding to the different values of burned BDs of refractory bricks having different Alumina content (Al2O3%) etc. are given in the following table:

Refractory Bricks (Al2O3%)
Moisture%
Burnt BD
Green BD
Factor (Gr.BD/Br.BD)
40.00
7.00
2.20
2.36
1.073
45.00
6.50
2.25
2.41
1.071
50.00
6.50
2.45
2.62
1.069
60.00
5.50
2.50
2.65
1.060
70.00
5.50
2.60
2.75
1.058
75.00
5.00
2.65
2.78
1.049
80.00
4.50
2.70
2.82
1.044